Pentamidine diisethionate

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C19H24N4O2.2C2H6O4S
Molecular Weight	592.683
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

OCCS(O)(=O)=O.OCCS(O)(=O)=O.NC(=N)C1=CC=C(OCCCCCOC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(N)=N)C=C1

InChI

InChIKey=YBVNFKZSMZGRAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C19H24N4O2.2C2H6O4S/c20-18(21)14-4-8-16(9-5-14)24-12-2-1-3-13-25-17-10-6-15(7-11-17)19(22)23;2*3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h4-11H,1-3,12-13H2,(H3,20,21)(H3,22,23);2*3H,1-2H2,(H,4,5,6)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C2H6O4S
Molecular Weight	126.132
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C19H24N4O2
Molecular Weight	340.4195
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00738 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine

Pentamidine (formulated as a salt, pentamidine diisethionate or dimesilate) is an antimicrobial medication given for prevention and treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii), a severe interstitial type of pneumonia often seen in patients with HIV infection. The drug is also the mainstay of treatment for stage I infection with Trypanosoma bruceigambiense (West African trypanosomiasis). Pentamidine is also used as a prophylactic against PCP in patients receiving chemotherapy and in some patients who have undergone organ transplantation, as they also have a depressed immune system as a direct side-effect of the drugs used. The mortality of untreated PCP is very high. Additionally, pentamidine has good clinical activity in treating leishmaniasis, and yeast infections caused by the organism Candida albicans. Pentamidine is also used as a prophylactic antibiotic for children undergoing treatment for leukemia. Studies suggest that the pentamidine isethionate interferes with microbial nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
tRNA (cytosine(38)-C(5))-methyltransferase 6 Target ID: O14717 Gene ID: 1787.0 Gene Symbol: TRDMT1 Target Organism: Homo sapiens (Human) Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275129/	Binding Agent 1076		204.4 µM [EC50]
DNA 282 Target ID: CHEMBL2366046 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e2ad9d3c-b6c3-4f70-87e0-722a8ff94ccb#nlm34090-1	Inhibitor 8504

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in high-risk, HIV-infected patients 6 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	Preventing		Approved 8583	NEBUPENT Approved Use Pentamidine Launch Date 1985

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
751 nM EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056699	3.9 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous dose: 3.9 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	PENTAMIDINE blood	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
612 ng/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	4 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	PENTAMIDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
18.8 ng/mL DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, irrigation dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Irrigation experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:	PENTAMIDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
6734 nM × h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056699	3.9 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous dose: 3.9 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: MULTIPLE co-administered:		PENTAMIDINE blood	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
6.4 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	4 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 4 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:		PENTAMIDINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: UNHEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
1600 mg single, intravenous Overdose Dose: 1600 mg Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 1600 mg Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	unhealthy, 17 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 17 Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	Other AEs: Impaired renal function, Hepatic impairment... Other AEs: Impaired renal function Hepatic impairment Hypotension Cardiopulmonary arrest Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display
600 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 600 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 600 mg, 1 times / month Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750367	unhealthy, 37.9 ± 7.5 Health Status: unhealthy Age Group: 37.9 ± 7.5 Sex: M+F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750367	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8750367
300 mg 1 times / month multiple, respiratory Recommended Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 300 mg, 1 times / month Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf	Disc. AE: Acute pancreatitis... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Acute pancreatitis Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019887s014lbl.pdf
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intramuscular Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intramuscular Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	Disc. AE: Hypotension, Hypoglycemia... Other AEs: Extravasation, Injection site ulceration... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypotension (grade 3-5) Hypoglycemia (grade 5) Acute pancreatitis (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Other AEs: Extravasation Injection site ulceration Injection site necrosis Slough injection site Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display
4 mg/kg 1 times / day multiple, intravenous Recommended Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Route: intravenous Route: multiple Dose: 4 mg/kg, 1 times / day Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	unhealthy Health Status: unhealthy Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display	Disc. AE: Hypotension, Hypoglycemia... Other AEs: Extravasation, Injection site ulceration... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Hypotension (grade 3-5) Hypoglycemia (grade 5) Acute pancreatitis (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Cardiac arrhythmias (grade 5) Other AEs: Extravasation Injection site ulceration Injection site necrosis Slough injection site Sources: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=cc2b635e-4840-4dc3-a177-5484371680e8&type=display

AEs

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
Kir4.1 6	OCT1 393 P-gp 2052 MRP transporters 10

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
Kir4.1 6	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28993158/	yes [IC50 0.097 uM]
BCRP 985	activator 342 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22200378/	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
MRP transporters 10	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19261919/	yes
OCT1 393	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28362799/	yes
P-gp 2052	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19261919/	yes

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:45081	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:45081
ChemicalBook	CB4476092	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB4476092
eMolecules	1012733	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=1012733
MolPort	MolPort-001-792-506	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-001-792-506
ZINC	ZINC000001530775	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000001530775

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Utilization of human nuclear receptors as an early counter screen for off-target activity: a case study with a compendium of 615 known drugs.	2015-06	25752796
Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.	2015-05-18	25811541
Refining the human iPSC-cardiomyocyte arrhythmic risk assessment model.	2013-12	24052561
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of dicationic 2,6-diphenylpyrazines and aza-analogues.	2013-11-01	24012380
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activities of benzyl phenyl ether diamidine derivatives.	2013-09	23871911
The pharmacological profile of brain liver intestine Na+ channel: inhibition by diarylamidines and activation by fenamates.	2011-11	21828194
Synthetic chromanol derivatives and their interaction with complex III in mitochondria from bovine, yeast, and Leishmania.	2011-10-17	21809846
Profiling of a prescription drug library for potential renal drug-drug interactions mediated by the organic cation transporter 2.	2011-07-14	21599003
Identification of human Ether-à-go-go related gene modulators by three screening platforms in an academic drug-discovery setting.	2010-12	21158687
Bisbenzamidines as antifungal agents. are both amidine functions required to observe an anti-Pneumocystis carinii activity?	2010-06-11	20657441
Bisbenzamidine derivative, pentamidine represses DNA damage response through inhibition of histone H2A acetylation.	2010-02-09	20144237
Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia resistant to meglumine antimonial treatment.	2009-09-10	19739006
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of pyridyl analogues of pentamidine.	2009-08-13	19606902
Effects of acute intravenous administration of pentamidine, a typical hERG-trafficking inhibitor, on the cardiac repolarization process of halothane-anesthetized dogs.	2009-08	19652455
Pentamidine-induced facial numbness.	1991-04	2032443
Effects of pentamidine alone and in combination with ketoconazole or itraconazole on the growth of Candida albicans.	1990-12	1965104
Ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes complicating pentamidine therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	1990-10-01	2220597
Symptomatic hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia with renal magnesium wasting associated with pentamidine therapy in a patient with AIDS.	1990-09	2393042
Structure-activity relationships of analogs of pentamidine against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania mexicana amazonensis.	1990-07	2201254
Reye's syndrome in adult with AIDS.	1990-06-16	1972225
Novel pentamidine analogs in the treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1990-06	2393262
Pentamidine-induced torsades de pointes in a renal transplant recipient with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1990-04	2321077
Analogues of 1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane (pentamidine) in the treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1990-04	2319567
Acute, rapidly progressive renal failure with simultaneous use of amphotericin B and pentamidine.	1990-03	2334159
Renal insufficiency with nebulised pentamidine.	1989-10-28	2572780
Nephrotoxicity and hyperkalemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with pentamidine.	1989-09	2773964
Acute renal failure after nebulised pentamidine.	1989-06-03	2566818
Torsades de pointes during intravenous pentamidine isethionate therapy.	1989-01-15	2783374
Recurrent ventricular tachycardia due to pentamidine-induced cardiotoxicity.	1988-12	3263912
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study.	1988-08-15	3260759
Risk factors for hypoglycemia associated with pentamidine therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1988-07-15	3259989
Tremor induced by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	1988-07-01	2967659
Cationic antitrypanosomal and other antimicrobial agents in the therapy of experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1988-06	3137861
Ventricular tachycardia due to pentamidine isethionate.	1988-05	3364459
Comparison of dosages, intervals, and drugs in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1988-05	3260765
Aggressive psychosis in AIDS patient on high-dose steroids.	1987-09-26	2888983
Torsade de pointes during administration of pentamidine isethionate.	1987-09	3499072
Adverse reactions associated with pentamidine isethionate in AIDS patients: recommendations for monitoring therapy.	1986-11	3490958
Hypoglycemic coma from pentamadine in an AIDS patient.	1986-07	3487333
Pentamidine and hematuria.	1986-07	3487266
Pentamidine-induced hypoglycemia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	1986-03	3485027
Pentamidine treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Association with acute renal failure and myoglobinuria.	1985-12	3878136
Extrapyramidal symptoms in AIDS patients given low-dose metoclopramide or chlorpromazine.	1985-11-23	2865637
Sciatic nerve damage associated with pentamidine.	1985-10	2996869
Pentamidine and renal toxicity.	1985-09-12	4022063
Pentamidine-associated hypotension and route of administration.	1985-09	4026103
Visceral leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs. II. Response to high dosage sodium stibogluconate or prolonged treatment with pentamidine.	1985	3006295
[Nephrotoxic effect of pentamidine in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia in 2 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].	1979-12	294951
[Kidney failure during treatment of T. rhodesiense trypanosomiasis with pentamidin].	1977	610624
Efficacy of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.	1974-03	4365115

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

The recommended adult dosage is 300 mg once every four weeks administered via the Respirgard® II nebulizer. The dose should be delivered until the nebulizer chamber is empty (approximately 30 to 45 minutes). The flow rate should be 5 to 7 liters per minute from a 40 to 50 pounds per square inch (PSI) air or oxygen source. Alternatively, a 40 to 50 PSI air compressor can be used with flow limited by setting the flowmeter at 5 to 7 liters per minute or by setting the pressure at 22 to 25 PSI. Low pressure (less than 20 PSI) compressors should not be used.

Route of Administration: Irrigation

In Vitro Use Guide

Pentamidine was found to be active against T. whipplei strains both in axenic medium and in cell culture, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of 0.125-0.25mg/L.

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 17:53:12 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 17:53:12 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	V2P3K60DA2
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

Pentamidine diisethionate

Common Name

English

Pentamidine isethionate

Preferred Name

English

PENTAMIDINE DIISETIONATE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

NEBUPENT

Brand Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

Pentamidine isethionate [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETIONATE

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

MB 800

Code

English

PENTAMIDINE DIISETIONATE

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE BIS(2-HYDROXYETHANESULFONATE)

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETIONATE [MART.]

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETIONATE [WHO-IP]

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE [MI]

Common Name

English

NSC-757400

Code

English

RP 2512

Code

English

ETHANESULFONIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, COMPD. WITH 4,4'-(1,5-PENTANEDIYLBIS(OXY))BIS (BENZENECARBOXIMIDAMIDE)

Common Name

English

4,4'-(PENTANE-1,5-DIYLBIS(OXY))DIBENZIMIDAMIDE BIS(2-HYDROXYETHANESULPHONATE)

Systematic Name

English

4,4'-(PENTANE-1,5-DIYLBIS(OXY))DIBENZIMIDAMIDE BIS(2-HYDROXYETHANESULFONATE)

Systematic Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETIONATE [JAN]

Common Name

English

PENTACARINAT

Brand Name

English

NSC-620107

Code

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

OCZ103-OS

Code

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE [USAN]

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINI ISETIONAS [WHO-IP LATIN]

Common Name

English

PENTAMIDINE DIISETIONATE [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

NCI_THESAURUS

C277