KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Details

Stereochemistry	RACEMIC
Molecular Formula	C13H16ClNO.ClH
Molecular Weight	274.186
Optical Activity	( + / - )
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

Cl.CNC1(CCCCC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2Cl

InChI

InChIKey=VCMGMSHEPQENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO.ClH/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14;/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3;1H

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	ClH
Molecular Weight	36.461
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Molecular Formula	C13H16ClNO
Molecular Weight	237.725
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	RACEMIC
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 1
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	( + / - )

Description
Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/016812s039lbl.pdf
Curator's Comment: description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432384

Ketamine (brand name Ketalar) is a cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Ketalar is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation; also, it is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine blocks NMDA receptors through an interaction with sites thought to be located within the ion channel pore region. However, the complete pharmacology of ketamine is more complex, and it is known to directly interact with a variety of other sites to varying degrees. Recently, it was shown that inclusion of the NR3B subunit does not alter the ketamine sensitivity of recombinant NR1/NR2 receptors expressed in oocytes. Likewise, 100 μM ketamine produced only weak inhibition of the glycine-induced current of NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors. The side effects of ketamine noted in clinical studies include psychedelic symptoms (hallucinations, memory defects, panic attacks), nausea/vomiting, somnolence, cardiovascular stimulation and, in a minority of patients, hepatoxicity. The recreational use of ketamine is increasing and comes with a variety of additional risks ranging from bladder and renal complications to persistent psychotypical behaviour and memory defects. Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin Stevens at Parke-Davis Co (now Pfizer) as an alternative anesthetic to phencyclidine. It was first used in humans in 1965 by Corssen and Domino and was introduced into clinical practice by 1970.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor 125 Target ID: CHEMBL2094124 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2858237	Antagonist 2849

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Pain 619 Sources: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/016812s039lbl.pdf	Primary		Approved 8583	KETALAR Approved Use Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Ketamine hydrochloride is best suited for short procedures but it can be used, with additional doses, for longer procedures. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated to supplement low-potency agents, such as nitrous oxide. Specific areas of application are described in the CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Section. Launch Date 1970

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
496 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
2104 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
632 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
76.4 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
163.6 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
148.3 mg × min/L EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
111.2 ng × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
123 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
120 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg/kg single, nasal dose: 9 mg/kg route of administration: Nasal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
125 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	3 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 3 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN
100 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881626/	9 mg single, rectal dose: 9 mg route of administration: Rectal experiment type: SINGLE co-administered:	KETAMINE plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: CHILD sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1946 inducer 1087	substrate 1193		inhibitor 2217

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
OCT1 620 OCT2 779 OCT3 159	CYP2B6 776	CYP1A2 832 CYP2B6 669

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity	Clinical evidence
CYP1A2 2333	inducer 1966 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	likely	unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/
CYP2B6 1160	inducer 1966 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	likely	unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/
CYP3A4 2633	inducer 1966 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	likely	unlikely (co-administration study) Comment: Compared ketamine group with the control group, there were no significant difference for AUC of metroprolol, omeprazole and tolbutamide, it show that the ketamine may not induce or inhibit the activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 enzyme Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/
OCT1 656	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes [Ki 114.5 uM]
OCT2 782	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes [Ki 22.7 uM]
OCT3 161	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16581093/	yes [Ki 225.7 uM]

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity
CYP2B6 776	substrate 4014 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/016812Orig1s046lbl.pdf#page=12 Page: 12.0	yes
CYP2C9 1193	substrate 4014 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4443184/	yes
CYP3A4 1946	substrate 4014 Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/016812Orig1s046lbl.pdf#page=12 Page: 12.0	yes

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
hERG 2263	inhibitor 2237 Sources: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jphp.12095

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:6121	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6121
ChemicalBook	CB12463567	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB12463567
ChemicalBook	CB32728970	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB32728970

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Peri-operative ketamine for acute post-operative pain: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review (Cochrane review).	2005-11	16223384
Cortical glutamate-dopamine interaction and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in man.	2005-11	16001106
[Comparison of the suppressive effects of tramadol and low-dose ketamine on the patients with postoperative hyperalgesia after remifentanil-based anaesthesia].	2005-10	16285546
Topical amitriptyline and ketamine in neuropathic pain syndromes: an open-label study.	2005-10	16202956
Ischemic brain damage after ketamine and xylazine treatment in a young laboratory monkey (Macaca fascicularis).	2005-09	16138776
Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications.	2005-09	16076768
Ketamine reduces lidocaine-induced seizures in mice.	2005-08	16040365
Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and its prevention with small-dose ketamine.	2005-07	15983467
Safety of mixture of morphine with ketamine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia: an audit with 1026 patients.	2005-07	15954974
Naloxone increases ketamine-induced hyperactivity in the open field in female rats.	2005-07	15936807
Ketamine and amphetamine both enhance synaptic transmission in the amygdala-nucleus accumbens pathway but with different time-courses.	2005-07	15858833
Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs.	2005-06	15930401
The anesthetics nitrous oxide and ketamine are more neurotoxic to old than to young rat brain.	2005-06	15718054
Severe refractory status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis.	2005-03	15832606
Characterization of morphine-induced hyperalgesia in male and female rats.	2005-03	15733632
Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor epsilon1 subunit gene disruption of the action of general anesthetic drugs in mice.	2005-03	15731593
Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in an equine macrophage cell line.	2005-02-22	15720977
Ketamine pretreatment with venous occlusion attenuates pain on injection with propofol.	2005-01	15816578
Comparison of ephedrine and ketamine in prevention of injection pain and hypotension due to propofol induction.	2005-01	15816573
Ketamine and postoperative pain--a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials.	2005-01	15621365
Preemptive ketamine during general anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.	2004-10	15516884
Intravenous ketamine infusion as an adjuvant to morphine in a 2-year-old with severe cancer pain from metastatic neuroblastoma.	2004-10	15454842
Caudal analgesia in children: S(+)-ketamine vs S(+)-ketamine plus clonidine.	2004-10	15385014
Phenyl-tetrazolyl acetophenones: discovery of positive allosteric potentiatiors for the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor.	2004-08-26	15317469
[Expression of HSP70 induced by ketamine in the hippocampus of rat at different ages].	2004-07	15291108
Influence of different anaesthetics on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in rat spleen.	2004-07	15207038
Influence of O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum as an oxidative stressor on duration of anaesthesia, loss of different reflexes and cytokine mRNA expression.	2004-07	15207037
Postanesthetic cerebellar dysfunction in cats.	2004-06-11	15188828
Participation of adenosine system in the ketamine-induced motor activity in mice.	2004-05-10	15849377
Normal spatial and contextual learning for ketamine-treated rats in the pilocarpine epilepsy model.	2004-05	15159140
The development and maintenance of human visceral pain hypersensitivity is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.	2004-03	14988822
Ketamine impairs response inhibition and is positively reinforcing in healthy volunteers: a dose-response study.	2004-03	14727004
The neuromatrix and the epileptic brain: behavioral and learning preservation in limbic epileptic rats treated with ketamine but not acepromazine.	2004-02	14751217
Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers.	2004-01	14603267
Schizophrenia, VIII: pharmacologic models.	2003-12	14638574
Pretreatment with intravenous ketamine reduces propofol injection pain.	2003-11	14617116
Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department.	2003-11	14581915
Synergistic antinociceptive effects of ketamine and morphine in the orofacial capsaicin test in the rat.	2003-10	14508333
The effect of variable-dose diazepam on dreaming and emergence phenomena in 400 cases of ketamine-fentanyl anaesthesia.	2003-09	12911367
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of the effect of ketamine on postoperative morphine consumption in children following appendicectomy.	2003-06	12791116
Search of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic drugs.	2003-04-03	12669766
Effects of different subanaesthetic doses of (S)-ketamine on psychopathology and binocular depth inversion in man.	2003-03	12680739
Ketamine for refractory status epilepticus: a case of possible ketamine-induced neurotoxicity.	2003-02	12609230
Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: the effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine--a double-blind, cross-over comparison with alfentanil and placebo.	2003-02	12583865
[Anaesthesia for caesarean section. Comparison of two general anaesthetic regimens and spinal anaesthesia].	2003-01	12577162
Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.	1999	14530949
Emergence delirium following oral ketamine.	1992-09	1519802
Venodilator effects of adenosine triphosphate and sodium nitroprusside; comparisons during controlled hypotension.	1987-09-01	15235850
Effects of halothane anesthesia on the biodisposition of ketamine in rats.	1976-03	1263110
Electroencephalographic study of children during ketamine anesthesia.	1976	1266554

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

Intravenous Route: The initial dose of Ketalar (ketamine hydrochloride injection) administered intravenously may range from 1 mg/kg to 4.5 mg/kg (0.5 to 2 mg/lb). The average amount required to produce five to ten minutes of surgical anesthesia has been 2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb). Intramuscular Route: The initial dose of Ketalar administered intramuscularly may range from 6.5 to 13 mg/kg (3 to 6 mg/lb). A dose of 10 mg/kg (5 mg/lb) will usually produce 12 to 25 minutes of surgical anesthesia.

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

Primary cultures of cortical neurons treated with ketamine (10 μM-10mM) at 3 days-in vitro (3 DIV) displayed a concentration-dependent decrease in expanded growth cones

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:31:57 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:31:57 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	O18YUO0I83
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

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Name

Type

Language

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Official Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE CIII

Preferred Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MI]

Common Name

English

CI-581

Code

English

CN-523722

Code

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-IP]

Common Name

English

CYCLOHEXANONE, 2-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)-, HYDROCHLORIDE (1:1)

Systematic Name

English

VETALAR

Brand Name

English

2-(2-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)CYCLOHEXANONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [EP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE (AS HYDROCHLORIDE)

Common Name

English

SPECIAL K

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [USAN]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MART.]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HCL

Common Name

English

CL 369

Code

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE CIII [USP-RS]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]

Common Name

English

(±)-2-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)CYCLOHEXANONE HYDROCHLORIDE

Systematic Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [GREEN BOOK]

Common Name

English

CN-52372-2

Code

English

KETAMINI HYDROCHLORIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN]

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [VANDF]

Common Name

English

KETALAR

Brand Name

English

CL-369

Code

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

CN-52,372-2

Code

English

KETASET

Brand Name

English

Ketamine hydrochloride [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

CYCLOHEXANONE, 2-(O-CHLOROPHENYL)-2-(METHYLAMINO)-, HYDROCHLORIDE, (±)-

Common Name

English

KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [JAN]

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

FDA ORPHAN DRUG

860021