Details
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Molecular Formula | C3H2ClF5O |
| Molecular Weight | 184.492 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
FC(F)OC(Cl)C(F)(F)F
InChI
InChIKey=PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C3H2ClF5O/c4-1(3(7,8)9)10-2(5)6/h1-2H
| Molecular Formula | C3H2ClF5O |
| Molecular Weight | 184.492 |
| Charge | 0 |
| Count |
|
| Stereochemistry | RACEMIC |
| Additional Stereochemistry | No |
| Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 1 |
| E/Z Centers | 0 |
| Optical Activity | ( + / - ) |
Isoflurane (1-chloro-2, 2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) a nonflammable liquid administered by vaporizing, is a general inhalation anesthetic drug. Isoflurane is a clear, colorless, stable liquid containing no additives or chemical stabilizers. Similar to many general anesthetics, the exact mechanism of the action has not been clearly delineated. Isoflurane reduces pain sensitivity (analgesia) and relaxes muscles. Isoflurane likely potentiates GABA-A and glycine receptor activity, which decreases motor function, inhibits receptor activity in the NMDA glutamate receptor subtypes and binds to glutamate receptors. Isoflurane is always administered in conjunction with air and/or pure oxygen. Often nitrous oxide is also used. Although its physical properties imply that anesthesia can be induced more rapidly than with halothane, its pungency can irritate the respiratory system, negating this theoretical advantage conferred by its physical properties. It is usually used to maintain a state of general anesthesia that has been induced with another drug, such as thiopentone or propofol.
CNS Activity
Originator
Approval Year
Targets
| Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
|---|---|---|---|
Target ID: CHEMBL2093872 |
|||
Target ID: CHEMBL3392921 |
Conditions
| Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | FORANE Approved UseINDICATIONS & USAGE Isoflurane may be used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Adequate data have not been developed to establish its application in obstetrical anesthesia. Launch Date1979 |
Cmax
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
800 μg/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23015620/ |
180 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 180 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ISOFLURANE plasma | Canis lupus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
AUC
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
4.765 μg × min/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23015620/ |
180 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 180 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ISOFLURANE plasma | Canis lupus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
T1/2
| Value | Dose | Co-administered | Analyte | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
18.01 min EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23015620/ |
180 mg/kg single, intravenous dose: 180 mg/kg route of administration: Intravenous experiment type: SINGLE co-administered: |
ISOFLURANE plasma | Canis lupus population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN |
Doses
| Dose | Population | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|
1382.4 % * h multiple, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 1382.4 % * h Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 1382.4 % * h Sources: |
unhealthy, 25 years |
|
1975.2 % * h multiple, respiratory Highest studied dose Dose: 1975.2 % * h Route: respiratory Route: multiple Dose: 1975.2 % * h Sources: |
unhealthy, 4 years |
PubMed
| Title | Date | PubMed |
|---|---|---|
| [First experience in the use of isoflurane in minor surgical interventions in children]. | 2001-05-08 |
|
| [Oxygen transport parameters in halothane and isoflurane anesthesia with the low gas flow in children]. | 2001-05-08 |
|
| Composition of CO(2) absorbents. | 2001-05 |
|
| Modulation of NMDA receptor function by ketamine and magnesium. Part II: interactions with volatile anesthetics. | 2001-05 |
|
| The efficacy and resource utilization of remifentanil and fentanyl in fast-track coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective randomized, double-blinded controlled, multi-center trial. | 2001-05 |
|
| A randomized double-blinded multicenter comparison of remifentanil versus fentanyl when combined with isoflurane/propofol for early extubation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. | 2001-05 |
|
| Coagulation assessment in healthy pigs undergoing single xenon anaesthesia and combinations with isoflurane and sevoflurane. | 2001-05 |
|
| Clonidine decreases intraoperative bleeding in middle ear microsurgery. | 2001-05 |
|
| Ease of laryngeal passage during fibreoptic intubation: a comparison of three endotracheal tubes. | 2001-05 |
|
| Does discontinuation of desflurane at the time of neostigmine administration speed recovery from cisatracurium block compared to that with a propofol-based technique? | 2001-05 |
|
| Haemodynamic changes and vasopressin release are not consistently associated with carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in humans. | 2001-05 |
|
| Anesthetic inhibition in ischemic and nonischemic murine heart: comparison with conscious echocardiographic approach. | 2001-05 |
|
| Single-channel basis for conductance increase induced by isoflurane in Shaker H4 IR K(+) channels. | 2001-05 |
|
| Cardiac remodeling and contractile function in acid alpha-glucosidase knockout mice. | 2001-04-27 |
|
| Isoflurane enhances glutamate uptake via glutamate transporters in rat glial cells. | 2001-04-17 |
|
| Effects of chronic exposure to anaesthetic gases on some immune parameters. | 2001-04-10 |
|
| Anesthesia for Cesarean section and posterior fossa craniotomy in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease. | 2001-04 |
|
| Desflurane, compared to halothane, augments phenylephrine-induced contraction in isolated rat aorta smooth muscle. | 2001-04 |
|
| Neostigmine antagonism of rocuronium block during anesthesia with sevoflurane, isoflurane or propofol. | 2001-04 |
|
| Effects of diazepam and flumazenil on minimum alveolar concentrations for dogs anesthetized with isoflurane or a combination of isoflurane and fentanyl. | 2001-04 |
|
| Induction of anaesthesia with desflurane and isoflurane in the rabbit. | 2001-04 |
|
| Inhaled nitric oxide administration during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. | 2001-04 |
|
| The effects of volatile anesthetics on the Q-Tc interval. | 2001-04 |
|
| Desflurane pharmacokinetics during cardiopulmonary bypass. | 2001-04 |
|
| Sevoflurane versus isoflurane in patients undergoing valvular cardiac surgery. | 2001-04 |
|
| Ultra-fast-track anesthetic technique facilitates operating room extubation in patients undergoing off-pump coronary revascularization surgery. | 2001-04 |
|
| The effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure after diffuse brain injury in rats. | 2001-04 |
|
| Thoracic epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia: the preferred anesthetic technique for thoracic surgery. | 2001-04 |
|
| Intrathecal magnesium sulfate attenuates algogenic behavior and spinal amino acids release after kainic acid receptor activation in rats. | 2001-03-30 |
|
| Genomic and functional characteristics of novel human pancreatic 2P domain K(+) channels. | 2001-03-23 |
|
| Evidence for a common binding cavity for three general anesthetics within the GABAA receptor. | 2001-03-15 |
|
| Minimal alveolar concentration of desflurane in combination with an infusion of medetomidine for the anaesthesia of ponies. | 2001-03-03 |
|
| [The effect of anesthetic technique on recovery from neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium]. | 2001-03 |
|
| Derived fuzzy knowledge model for estimating the depth of anesthesia. | 2001-03 |
|
| Pediatric renal transplantation: anesthesia and perioperative complications. | 2001-03 |
|
| Interaction between nitric oxide and renal myogenic autoregulation in normotensive and hypertensive rats. | 2001-03 |
|
| Respiratory reflexes in spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs in response to nasal administration of sevoflurane, isoflurane, or halothane. | 2001-03 |
|
| Effects of isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane on skeletal muscle microcirculation in the endotoxemic rat. | 2001-03 |
|
| The effect of epidural anesthesia on respiratory distress induced by airway occlusion in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. | 2001-03 |
|
| Increase in rat plasma antioxidant activity after E. coli lipopolysaccharide administration. | 2001-02 |
|
| An experimental study on the relationship of intra-abdominal pressure and renal ischemia. | 2001-02 |
|
| [Epileptogenic drugs in anesthesia]. | 2001-02 |
|
| [Malignant hyperthermia in a pig anesthesized with desflurane]. | 2001-02 |
|
| [Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynecologic surgery with 3 fixed doses of metoclopramide, droperidol or placebo]. | 2001-02 |
|
| [Computer simulation and pharmacoeconomics. Computer simulation as an aid for the analysis of operating room efficiency: an example]. | 2001-02 |
|
| [Clinical evaluation of roxatidine acetate hydrochlorides as a preanesthetic medication]. | 2001-02 |
|
| No effect of albinism on sedative-hypnotic sensitivity to ethanol and anesthetics. | 2001-02 |
|
| Minimal flow sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia and impact on renal function. | 2001-01 |
|
| Comparative analysis of costs of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil vs. balanced anaesthesia with isoflurane and fentanyl. | 2001-01 |
|
| Physiology in medicine: importance of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in maintaining arterial oxygenation during acute respiratory failure. | 2001 |
Patents
Sample Use Guides
Inspired concentrations of 1.5 to 3.0% isoflurane usually produce surgical anesthesia in 7 to 10 minutes.
Route of Administration:
Respiratory
The effects of isoflurane and enflurane on spontaneous action potential firing were investigated by extracellular voltage recordings from ventral horn interneurones in cultured spinal cord tissue slices obtained from embryonic rats. Spinal cord slices were continuously perfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Test solutions including isoflurane (0.32 mM) was prepared by dissolving the liquid form in ACSF equilibrated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Anaesthetics were administered via bath perfusion
using gas-tight syringe pumps. The flow rate was approximately 1 ml min-1. To ensure steady-state conditions, recordings during anaesthetic treatment were carried out 10–15 min after starting the perfusate change.
| Substance Class |
Chemical
Created
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| Record UNII |
CYS9AKD70P
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| Record Status |
Validated (UNII)
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N0000175681
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WHO-ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST |
1.1.1
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C245
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N01AB06
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NBK548501
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N0000175975
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m6491
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26675-46-7
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Isoflurane
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