DICLOFENAC

Details

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula	C14H11Cl2NO2
Molecular Weight	296.149
Optical Activity	NONE
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Charge	0

SHOW SMILES / InChI

Structure Search

SMILES

OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1NC2=C(Cl)C=CC=C2Cl

InChI

InChIKey=DCOPUUMXTXDBNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C14H11Cl2NO2/c15-10-5-3-6-11(16)14(10)17-12-7-2-1-4-9(12)8-13(18)19/h1-7,17H,8H2,(H,18,19)

HIDE SMILES / InChI

Molecular Formula	C14H11Cl2NO2
Molecular Weight	296.149
Charge	0
Count

Stereochemistry	ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry	No
Defined Stereocenters	0 / 0
E/Z Centers	0
Optical Activity	NONE

Description
Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/diclofenac.html
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25963327 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20470236 | http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/diclofenac-a-useful-drug-that-may-now-be-entering-its-twilight-years/11121261.article

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Contrary to the action of many traditional NSAIDs, diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme with greater potency than it does COX-1. In addition diclofenac can inhibit the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor, affect arachidonic acid release and uptake, inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes, and activate the nitric oxide-cGMP antinociceptive pathway. Other novel mechanisms of action may include the inhibition of substrate P, inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), blockage of acid-sensing ion channels, alteration of interleukin-6 production, and inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hyperalgesia. Similar to other NSAIDs, diclofenac is associated with serious dose-dependent gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal adverse effects. Since its introduction in 1973, a number of different diclofenac-containing drug products have been developed with the goal of improving efficacy, tolerability, and patient convenience. Delayed- and extended-release forms of diclofenac sodium were initially developed with the goal of improving the safety profile of diclofenac and providing convenient, once-daily dosing for the treatment of patients with chronic pain. New drug products consisting of diclofenac potassium salt were associated with faster absorption and rapid onset of pain relief. These include diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets, diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gel capsules, and diclofenac potassium powder for oral solution. The advent of topical formulations of diclofenac enabled local treatment of pain and inflammation while minimizing systemic absorption of diclofenac. SoluMatrix diclofenac, consisting of submicron particles of diclofenac free acid and a proprietary combination of excipients, was developed to provide analgesic efficacy at reduced doses associated with lower systemic absorption. The drug's likely impact on the Asian vulture population was widely reported. The dramatic mortality was attributed largely to renal failure caused by exposure to diclofenac in livestock carcasses on which the birds fed. Although not the most endearing species, vultures are important environmental scavengers and, since veterinary use of diclofenac was stopped in the region in 2006, the decline in vulture numbers has slowed.

CNS Activity

Originator

Approval Year

Targets

Primary Target	Pharmacology	Condition	Potency
Cyclooxygenase-2 201 Target ID: CHEMBL230 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7980626 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9444611 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11804398 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381057 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9650852	Inhibitor 8504		0.97 nM [IC50]
Cyclooxygenase-1 131 Target ID: CHEMBL221 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9444611 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11804398 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381057 \| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9650852	Inhibitor 8504		0.037 µM [IC50]

Conditions

Condition	Modality	Targets	Highest Phase	Product
Rheumatoid arthritis 320 Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/diclofenac.html	Primary		Approved 8583	DICLOFENAC SODIUM Approved Use Diclofenac Sodium Extended-release Tablets are indicated: •For relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis •For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis 157 Sources: https://www.drugs.com/pro/diclofenac.html	Primary		Approved 8583	DICLOFENAC SODIUM Approved Use Diclofenac Sodium Extended-release Tablets are indicated: •For relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis •For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

C_max

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
902 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	50 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
302 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	12.5 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 12.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
749 ng/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	25 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 25 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

AUC

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
1208 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	50 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
319 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	12.5 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 12.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
609 ng × h/mL EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	25 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 25 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN

T_1/2

Value	Dose	Analyte	Population
1.64 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	50 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 50 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.19 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	12.5 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 12.5 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE / MALE food status: UNKNOWN
1.87 h EXPERIMENT https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19531931	25 mg 3 times / day steady-state, oral dose: 25 mg route of administration: Oral experiment type: STEADY-STATE co-administered:	DICLOFENAC plasma	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: FEMALE food status: UNKNOWN
2.3 h DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019201s038lbl.pdf	unknown, oral	DICLOFENAC serum	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

F_unbound

Value	Dose	Co-administered	Analyte	Population
1% DRUG LABEL https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019201s038lbl.pdf	unknown, oral		DICLOFENAC serum	Homo sapiens population: HEALTHY age: ADULT sex: UNKNOWN food status: UNKNOWN

Doses

Dose	Population	Adverse events
75 mg/mL single, intravenous Dose: 75 mg/mL Route: intravenous Route: single Dose: 75 mg/mL Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31077065/	healthy, 18 - 53 years Health Status: healthy Age Group: 18 - 53 years Sex: M+F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31077065/	Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31077065/
50 mg single, oral Dose: 50 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31131893/	healthy, 21-51 years Health Status: healthy Age Group: 21-51 years Sex: M+F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31131893/	Other AEs: Nephrotoxicity... Other AEs: Nephrotoxicity Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31131893/
500 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 500 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 500 mg Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	unknown, adult Health Status: unknown Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	Disc. AE: Drowsiness, Lethargy... AEs leading to discontinuation/dose reduction: Drowsiness Lethargy Nausea Vomiting Epigastric pain Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf

AEs

AE	Significance	Dose	Population
Nephrotoxicity		50 mg single, oral Dose: 50 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 50 mg Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31131893/	healthy, 21-51 years Health Status: healthy Age Group: 21-51 years Sex: M+F Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31131893/
Drowsiness	Disc. AE	500 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 500 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 500 mg Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	unknown, adult Health Status: unknown Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf
Epigastric pain	Disc. AE	500 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 500 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 500 mg Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	unknown, adult Health Status: unknown Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf
Lethargy	Disc. AE	500 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 500 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 500 mg Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	unknown, adult Health Status: unknown Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf
Nausea	Disc. AE	500 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 500 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 500 mg Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	unknown, adult Health Status: unknown Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf
Vomiting	Disc. AE	500 mg single, oral Overdose Dose: 500 mg Route: oral Route: single Dose: 500 mg Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf	unknown, adult Health Status: unknown Age Group: adult Sex: unknown Sources: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/019201s035lbl.pdf

Overview

CYP3A4	CYP2C9	CYP2D6	hERG
substrate 1946 inhibitor 2252	substrate 1193 inhibitor 2438		inhibitor 2217

OverviewOther

Other Inhibitor	Other Substrate	Other Inducer
OATP1B1 1079 OATP1B3 961 MCT4 12 CYP2C19 2057 CYP1A2 2153 BCRP 910 BSEP 550 UGT1A1 246 UGT1A3 89 UGT1A6 136 UGT1A7 23 UGT1A8 37 UGT1A9 148 UGT1A10 37 UGT2B7 197 UGT2B15 84 UGT2B17 31 MRP1 116 MRP4 290 OAT3 747	UGT1A1 479 UGT1A4 399 UGT1A6 343 UGT1A8 323 UGT1A9 423 UGT2B7 456 UGT2B15 236 OATP1B1 503 CYP1A2 1197 CYP2C19 1119 CYP2C18 149 CYP2B6 776 BCRP 697 P-gp 2052 MRP2 252 OAT2 125 OAT1 395 OAT3 391 OAT4 93 OATP2B1 122 MRP3 58 OATP1B3 435

Drug as perpetrator

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite
CYP2C9 2497	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	moderate	4'-hydroxydiclofenac 8
CYP2C19 2141	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	no
CYP2C19 2141	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	no	4'-hydroxydiclofenac 8
CYP3A4 2633	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	no
CYP3A4 2633	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	no	4'-hydroxydiclofenac 8
CYP2C9 2497	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	strong
BSEP 554	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24014644/	weak
MRP1 232	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835412/	weak
MRP4 345	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12835412/	weak
UGT1A9 155	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes [Ki 11 uM]
UGT1A7 25	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes [Ki 19 uM]
UGT1A10 46	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes [Ki 28 uM]
UGT1A1 303	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes [Ki 52 uM]
UGT1A6 171	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes [Ki 60 uM]
BCRP 985	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845662/	yes
CYP1A2 2333	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	yes
CYP1A2 2333	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	yes	4'-hydroxydiclofenac 8
MCT4 31	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27236641/	yes
MRP2 625	activator 342 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845662/	yes
OAT3 749	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11306713/	yes
OATP1B1 1095	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21861202/ \| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389119/	yes
OATP1B3 970	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389119/	yes
UGT1A3 99	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes
UGT1A8 49	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes
UGT2B15 84	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes
UGT2B17 33	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes
UGT2B7 210	inhibitor 4027 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039294/	yes

Drug as victim

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite
UGT2B7 456	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/ \| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12871048/ \| https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019201s039s040lbl.pdf	major
UGT1A6 343	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/	minor
UGT1A9 423	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/	minor
UGT2B15 236	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/	minor
BCRP 697	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845662/	moderate
MRP2 252	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845662/ \| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
MRP3 58	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
OAT1 395	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
OAT3 391	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
OAT4 93	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
OATP1B1 503	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389119/ \| https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
OATP2B1 122	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	no
P-gp 2052	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845662/	no
UGT1A1 479	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/	no
UGT1A4 399	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/	no
UGT1A8 323	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11294973/	no
CYP1A2 1197	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777257/	yes
CYP2B6 776	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10449188/	yes
CYP2C18 149	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10449188/	yes
CYP2C19 1119	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10449188/	yes
CYP2C9 1193	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12871048/ \| https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019201s039s040lbl.pdf	yes
CYP3A4 1946	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12871048/ \| https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019201s039s040lbl.pdf	yes
MRP2 252	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
MRP3 58	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OAT1 395	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OAT2 125	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes
OAT2 125	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OAT3 391	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OAT4 93	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OATP1B1 503	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OATP1B3 435	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8
OATP2B1 122	substrate 4014 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26714763/	yes	diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide 8

Tox targets

Target	Modality	Activity	Metabolite	Clinical evidence
hERG 2263	inhibitor 2237 Sources: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23578606/		hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-diclofenac 8

Sourcing

Vendor/Aggregator	ID	URL
ChEBI	CHEBI:47381	https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:47381
ChemicalBook	CB5225367	https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB5225367
eMolecules	901753	https://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/more?vid=901753
MolPort	MolPort-000-003-072	https://www.molport.com/shop/molecule-link/MolPort-000-003-072
ZINC	ZINC000000001281	http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/ZINC000000001281

PubMed

Title	Date	PubMed
Keratitis, ulceration, and perforation associated with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2001-05	11320025
Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney.	2001-05	11306713
Structure-hepatic disposition relationships for cationic drugs in isolated perfused rat livers: transmembrane exchange and cytoplasmic binding process.	2001-05	11303070
Characterization of rat and human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the in vitro glucuronidation of diclofenac.	2001-05	11294973
Diclofenac sodium injection sterilized by autoclave and the occurrence of cyclic reaction producing a small amount of impurity.	2001-05	11288099
Oil components modulate physical characteristics and function of the natural oil emulsions as drug or gene delivery system.	2001-04-28	11295226
[Liver damage and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: case non-case study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database].	2001-04-27	11322018
HPLC evaluation of diclofenac in transdermal therapeutic preparations.	2001-04-17	11292551
Is diclofenac a valuable CYP2C9 probe in humans?	2001-04-11	11294368
Equivalence of generic and brand-name ophthalmic products.	2001-04-01	11296613
Review: uveitis and immunosuppressive drugs.	2001-04	11324985
Cataflam-induced esophageal ulceration.	2001-04	11316193
Anti-inflammatory drugs. IX. Hydrated diethylammonium (2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetate (HDEA.D.H2O).	2001-04	11313587
Efficacy of peripheral morphine analgesia in inflamed, non-inflamed and perineural tissue of dental surgery patients.	2001-04	11312048
Corneal complications associated with topical ophthalmic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.	2001-04	11311634
Influence of electrical and chemical factors on transdermal iontophoretic delivery of three diclofenac salts.	2001-04	11305601
The role of matrix metalloproteinases in ulcerative keratolysis associated with perioperative diclofenac use.	2001-04	11297478
Tramadol vs. diclofenac for posttonsillectomy analgesia.	2001-04	11296045
Treatment of elderly patients with nabumetone or diclofenac: gastrointestinal safety profile.	2001-04	11276273
The epithelial flap for photorefractive keratectomy.	2001-04	11264125
Inhibition of phenytoin hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by several selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.	2001-04	11255075
Decreased flow-dependent dilation in carotid arteries of tissue kallikrein-knockout mice.	2001-03-30	11282893
Use of ion-exchange resins to prepare 100 microm-sized microcapsules with prolonged drug-release by the Wurster process.	2001-03-23	11274808
Simultaneous quantification of neutral and acidic pharmaceuticals and pesticides at the low-ng/l level in surface and waste water.	2001-03-16	11293584
Analgesic effect of epidural neostigmine after abdominal hysterectomy.	2001-03	11331165
Perioperative intravenous flurbiprofen reduces postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy.	2001-03	11305822
Docetaxel extravasation.	2001-03	11305072
[Effect of tobramycin with topical diclofenac on arachidonic acid in endotoxin-induced uveitis].	2001-03	11283780
Age-related changes in skin permeability of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in rats.	2001-03	11265590
An assessment of the clinical efficacy of intranasal desmopressin spray in the treatment of renal colic.	2001-03	11251523
Physical incompatibility between atracurium and intravenous diclofenac.	2001-03	11251469
Role of the epithelium in opposing H(2)O(2)-induced modulation of acetylcholine-induced contractions in rabbit intrapulmonary bronchiole.	2001-03	11250878
Pharmacokinetics of oral diclofenac and acetaminophen in children after surgery.	2001-03	11240880
Cytochrome P450 expression and related metabolism in human buccal mucosa.	2001-03	11238190
Enhanced disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and the incidence of angiographic cystoid macular edema by topical timolol and its preservative in early postoperative pseudophakia.	2001-03	11231772
Determination of drug residues in water by the combination of liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis with electrospray mass spectrometry.	2001-02-23	11263577
[Topical administration is better than oral administration].	2001-02-01	11234523
Inhibition of COX in ocular tissues: an in vitro model to identify selective COX-2 inhibitors.	2001-02	11322639
Comparative study of diclofenac sodium and paracetamol for treatment of pain after adenotonsillectomy in children.	2001-02	11299404
Diclofenac-induced gastric mucosal fluorescence in rats.	2001-02	11281183
Determination of diclofenac sodium, flufenamic acid, indomethacin and ketoprofen by LC-APCI-MS.	2001-02	11272315
Bioequivalence of two aceclofenac tablet formulations after a single oral dose to healthy male Korean volunteers.	2001-02	11270806
When should diclofenac be given in ambulatory surgery: preoperatively or postoperatively?	2001-02	11259888
[Concentrations of diclofenac in aqueous humor and in plasma after i.v. injection in 59 patients undergoing cataract surgery--a prospective study].	2001-02	11258130
Minocycline inhibits the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase in articular chondrocytes.	2001-02	11246672
Using evidence from different sources: an example using paracetamol 1000 mg plus codeine 60 mg.	2001-01-10	11231885
A comparative experimental study of the effects of diclofenac and ketoprofen on the small-bowel mucosa of canines.	2001-01	11271513
Nimesulide, a balanced drug for the treatment of osteoarthritis.	2001	11296545
Tolerability profiles of rofecoxib (Vioxx) and Arthrotec. A comparison of six weeks treatment in patients with osteoarthritis.	2001	11252687
Celecoxib versus diclofenac in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee.	2001	11252686

Patents

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide

For topical dosage form (gel): For actinic keratosis using Solaraze® 3% gel: Adults—Apply to affected skin area two times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For osteoarthritis of the hands, elbows, or wrists using Voltaren® 1% gel: Adults—Apply 2 grams to the affected skin areas four times a day (a total of 8 grams each day). However, the total dose should not exceed 32 grams per day over all affected joints. Use the enclosed dosing card to measure the appropriate dose. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For osteoarthritis of the knees, ankles, or feet using Voltaren® 1% gel: Adults—Apply 4 grams to the affected skin areas four times a day (a total of 16 grams each day). However, the total dose should not exceed 32 grams per day over all affected joints. Use the enclosed dosing card to measure the appropriate dose. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For topical dosage form (solution): For osteoarthritis of the knee: Adults—40 drops (10 drops at a time) on each affected knee four times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For transdermal dosage form (skin patch): For acute pain: Adults—One patch applied to the painful area two times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For oral dosage form (capsules): For acute pain: Adults—18 or 35 milligrams (mg) three times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For osteoarthritis: Adults—35 milligrams (mg) three times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For oral dosage forms (delayed-release tablets, enteric-coated tablets): For ankylosing spondylitis: Adults—25 milligrams (mg) four times a day, with an extra 25 mg dose at bedtime if necessary. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For osteoarthritis: Adults—50 milligrams (mg) two or three times a day, or 75 mg two times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For rheumatoid arthritis: Adults—50 milligrams (mg) three or four times a day, or 75 mg two times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For oral dosage form (immediate-release tablets): For osteoarthritis: Adults—50 milligrams (mg) two or three times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For pain or menstrual cramps: Adults—50 milligrams (mg) three times a day. Your doctor may direct you to take 100 mg for the first dose only. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For rheumatoid arthritis: Adults—50 milligrams (mg) three or four times a day. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor. For oral dosage form (solution): For migraine headaches: Adults—One packet (50 milligrams) as a single, one time dose. Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.

Route of Administration: Other

In Vitro Use Guide

Acute (24 h) diclofenac toxicity in a range of (10-1000 μM) concentrations was assesed in primary human hepatocytes. The chronic (9 repeated doses) toxicity at one clinically relevant and another higher concentration (6.4 and 100 μM) was also tested. Acute 24 h assessment revealed toxicity only for the highest tested concentration (1 mM). Upon repeated dose exposure, toxic effects were observed even at a low, clinically relevant concentration (6.4 μM).

Substance Class	Chemical Created by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:06:26 GMT 2025` Edited by `admin` on `Mon Mar 31 18:06:26 GMT 2025`
Record UNII	144O8QL0L1
Record Status	`Validated (UNII)`
Record Version

Download

Name

Type

Language

LAS-41007

Preferred Name

English

DICLOFENAC

Official Name

English

Diclofenac [WHO-DD]

Common Name

English

DICLOFENAC [MI]

Common Name

English

DICLOFENAC [VANDF]

Common Name

English

DICLOFENAC FREE ACID

Common Name

English

ACECLOFENAC IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]

Common Name

English

DICLOFENAC [HSDB]

Common Name

English

diclofenac [INN]

Common Name

English

DICLOFENAC [ORANGE BOOK]

Common Name

English

LAS41007

Code

English

(2-((2,6-DICHLOROPHENYL)AMINO)PHENYL)ACETIC ACID

Systematic Name

English

DICLOFENAC [MART.]

Common Name

English

BENZENEACETIC ACID, 2-((2,6-DICHLOROPHENYL)AMINO)-

Systematic Name

English

DICLOFENAC [USAN]

Common Name

English

DICLOFENAC ACID

Common Name

English

(O-(2,6-DICHLOROANILINO)PHENYL)ACETIC ACID

Common Name

English

Classification Tree Code System Code

WHO-ATC

M01AB05